What is an Economic Depression

An economic depression can be defined as an economic downturn that generally lasts for several years. Primarily, it is characterized by the growth in unemployment rates along with the falling of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Today if we talk in terms of the occurrence of economic depression in the United States, fortunately the country has not experienced an economic depression since the last one that occurred during the 1930s. It was one of the most serious economic downfalls in the U.S economy that lasted for almost 10 years. In fact, the decline in the GDP growth rates was of such a large scale that the United States has not witnessed since 1930. The key highlights, during the economic depression were unemployment that almost increased to 25% and wages fell by 42%. Besides this, the economic output of United States also chopped from $103 to $55 billion.


If we try to have a deep insight on reasons that caused an economic depression of 1930 then there are several factors. During the 1920s, the country enjoyed a booming economy. In fact, the US was among few nations who were actually producing goods in big amount for which there was little market demand. Unfortunately, this led to a slowdown in agriculture and over production of goods in the factory, which resulted in lose of jobs of millions of people.


The depression was even provoked by deprived monetary policy. Rather pumping money into the economy, the Federal Reserve even permitted the money supply to fall 30%. Though, the "New Deal" was started to end the depression, but government programs alone could not end it. Unemployment remained in the double-digits until 1941. Moreover, many greedy bankers on Wall Street overlooked the warning signs and remained busy in borrowing and investing in stocks for earning more profit. In the end, reality hit the stock market and company valuations finally started to fall. It was during this period when U.S economy witnessed a deep panic selling and the markets went out of control. And, it was just matter of days when the Wall Street officially collapsed.


Today there are many people who still get confused with the usage of terms - "Depression" and "Recession" in terms of economic fall down. Although, both economic recession and depression generally refer to a fall in the economic activity, but more often they have are used interchangeably. Therefore, it is very important to understand that both are very dissimilar, especially if we try to relate in context of their severity.


A decline in the economy for a period of two consecutive quarters can be defined as a recession. Economic depression on other hand is basically considered a more extended slump during which the decline in GDP is almost 10 % or even more high. Therefore, it is very important to note that even a country have more than two successive quarters of recession, it can't be assumed to have entered into a economic depression phase until the down turn in the GDP in almost all the quarters collectively signs up to at least 10%.


It is important to remember that the economy of every country is fragile. Economy or GDP rate are bound to go through a number of minor fluctuations, but the important point that one need to keep in mind is - whether there is economic recession or depression, one need to prepared to overcome from each fall and learn from mistakes.


No doubt, economic depression is an unavoidable element of any economy. Although it always spell and indicates towards difficult times, but looking on the positive sides such plunges in economy even motivate to formulate new and innovative ideas. Job openings in new sectors are created, as certain businesses unable to prosper in normal periods of economic growth find newer opportunities to grow. The economic depression of 1929 also resulted in the introduction of many new laws and government agencies that work in order to prevent the type of cataclysmic economic pain. Besides this, in present time the Federal Reserve, are even more aware of the significance of monetary policy in regulating the economy. In fact, it was this awareness and learning that helped in preventing a recession of October 2008 turn into severe depression.

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